It affects mostly children and is characterized by influenzalike illness and neurologic dysfunctions. Widespread vasculitis, a key event in the pathogenesis of nipah virus infection, seems to be a consequence of infection of the vascular endothelial. Journal of clinical virology is an international journal publishing papers on any aspect of human virology that directly pertains to virusinduced clinical conditions. Heres what we know about nipah virus, the batborne. Chandipura virus, a member of the rhabdoviridae family and vesiculovirus genera, has recently emerged as human pathogen that is associated with a number of outbreaks in different parts of india. Chandipura virus was first isolated in 1965 in a village in maharashtra state, india. Nipah virus is a virus transmitted to humans by animals. An emerging zoonotic virus whose natural host is the pteropus fruit bat, nipah virus was first recognised in the late 1990s when an outbreak in pigs in malaysia and singapore moved to humans, killing 106 people. Two major factors in ebola virus pathogenesis are the impairment of the immune response and vascular dysfunction. Nipah virus niv national center for emerging and zoonotic infectious diseases division of highconsequence pathogens and pathology dhcpp nipah virus niv is a member of the family paramyxoviridae, genus henipavirus.
We examined the relative usefulness of various laboratory tests, including ihc, serology, and virus isolation, for the diagnosis of this emerging infectious disease. Widespread vasculitis, a key event in the pathogenesis of nipah virus infection, seems to be a consequence of infection of the vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Pathogenesis of hendra and nipah virus infection in humans. Journal of clinical virology is an international journal publishing papers on any aspect of human virology that directly pertains to virus induced clinical conditions.
Chandipura vesiculovirus chpv is a member of the rhabdoviridae family that is associated with an encephalitic illness in humans. Mar 25, 2010 virus pathogenesis and genetics slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Pdf chandipura virus rhabdoviridae, encyclopedia of. Hendra and nipah viruses are two highly pathogenic zoonotic members of the genus henipavirus, family paramyxoviridae, requiring work under biosafety level 4 conditions due to a.
Difference in survival rate in tlr4 mutant mice and nitric oxide inhibitor treated mice, confirmed the role of these molecules in disease pathogenesis. Nipah virus pdf nipah virus history,symptoms,treatment. Growing understanding of ebolavirus pathogenetic mechanisms and important new clinical observations of the disease course. Articles from any field of virological study will be considered if the article is relevant to the understanding or manipulation of a disease state. Chandipura virus chpv, a member of rhabdoviridae, is responsible for an explosive outbreak in rural areas of india. Nipah virus niv centers for disease control and prevention. However, a senior health officer who wanted to be anonymous said that niv had isolated the virus in eight samples. Mechanisms of disease on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Marburg virus pathogenesis differences and similarities in humans.
Neuroinvasion of chandipura virus mediates pathogenesis. The isolates originated from 3 and 4weekold broilers having only passive breeder. Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for. Ebola virus pathogenesis, lab diagnosis slideshare. Nipah virus news get all the latest news and updates on nipah virus. Nipah virus is an emerging infectious disease that broke out in malaysia and singapore in 1998 and 1999. Infectious bursal disease virus ibdv field isolates recovered in 2007 from delmarva peninsula broiler farms with a history of poor performance were characterized. Keywords nipah virus disease niv, hev, nipah, nipah virus, transmission, signs, symptoms, risk of exposure, exposure, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, references, resources. The likely vector carrier of the virus is the female phlebotomine sandfly. The virus coevolved with bats over millions of years, so it doesnt cause the bats any problems, but the issue is that other mammals can be infected, like pigs or dogs or horses, said dr. The burden of dengue virus infections increased globally during recent years. The virus can spread to humans through pigs or by eating fruit or drinking palm wine contaminated by infected bats.
Although there are certain specific strain differences between isolates of different. All about the virus that has entire kerala in panic mode nipah was first identified in malaysia in 1998. The human outbreak in malaysia and singapore followed contact with infected swine and resulted in encephalitis with 40% case mortality. Nipah virus was first identified in 1999, after an outbreak among pig farmers in malaysia, according to the who. It is stable in the environment, allowing the virus to survive in sewagecontaminated water, which is the main route of transmission. Viral latency can also be seen in the development of several chronic diseases dependent on the immunological response eg. Pdf pathogenesis of hendra and nipah virus infection in. Pathogenesis suspected to be a zoonotic animalborne suspected reservoirs bats primates in some cases, have been confirmed 3. Since then, the virus has been reported in adjoining states in central india. Apr 17, 20 pathogenesis of hendra and nipah virus infection in humans. There is a possibility that the virus might transmit through nervous tissues in suckling mice.
Nipah virus infection is an emerging disease endemic in southeast asia. Pathogenic mechanisms of viral disease include 1 implantation of virus at the portal of entry, 2 local replication, 3 spread to target organs disease sites, and 4 spread to sites of shedding of virus into the environment. Viral pathogenesis is the study of how viruses cause diseases in their target hosts, usually carried out at the cellular or molecular level. The virus is closely related to hendra virus see hendra virus infection, the only other member of the genus. Diagnosis sandfly involvement of vertebrates treatment prevention references. The virus is a nonenveloped single stranded rna virus with a positive sense genome, and the virion consist of an icosahedral capsid comprised of multiple copies of four different viral proteins. Genomic characterization and epidemiology of 2019 novel. History outbreaks of chandipura virus definition encephalitis classification chp morphology pathogenesis characteristic clinical features lab. Nipah virus niv is an emerging and serious viral zoonotic disease that carries with it a high case fatality rate in the ballpark of 70% or more. However, detail study is necessary to prove the axonal transmission of chandipura virus in mice. Nipah is a zoonotic infection, meaning it is transmitted to humans from animals carrying the disease. Illnesses caused by nipah virus were first described in 19981999, during widespread outbreaks among pigs. Example of a viral disease pathogenesis and treatment. Cocirculation and coinfections of all dengue virus.
Nipah virus niv is a recently emerged highly pathogenic paramyxovirus of the genus henipavirus and is the causative agent of sporadic outbreaks of respiratory and encephalitic disease in southeast asia. The etiologic agent, nipah virus genus henipavirus, family paramyxoviridae, is an enveloped, negativesense, singlestranded rna virus. Viral pathogenesis medical microbiology ncbi bookshelf. Process by which a viral infection leads to disease. People of all ages are at risk for nipah virus in locations in asia where the virus is active in local animal populations. July 2014 39 new cases and 21 deaths have been reported in guinea between may and june. Pathogenesis is a qualitative description of the process by which an initial infection becomes a disease. The world health organization who recently published a concise summary of early knowledge about niv. Epidemiology, surveillance and control of nipah virus infections in malaysia chua kb makmal kesihatan awam kebangsaan national public health laboratory, ministry of health, malaysia abstract the outbreak of nipah virus, affecting pigs and pigfarm workers, was. A virus that causes fever, symptoms similar to those of flu, and acute encephalitis inflammation of the brain. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website.
Stephen luby, an epidemiologist and nipah expert at stanford university in palo alto, california. By continuing to browse this site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Viruses free fulltext virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and. The human outbreak in malaysia and singapore followed contact with infected swine and resulted in. The virus has claimed around 10 lives in the southern state over the past two weeks. Pathogenic mechanisms of viral disease include 1 implantation of virus at the portal of entry, 2 local replication, 3 spread to target organs disease sites, and 4 spread to. People of all ages are at risk for nipah virus in locations in asia where the virus is active in. Neuroinvasion of chandipura virus mediates pathogenesis in experimentally infected mice. Clinical course of a typical case of severe ebola virus disease. Epidemiology, surveillance and control of nipah virus. Virus pathogenesis and genetics slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Research article open access chandipura virus infection in.
The virus has been detected in sandflies in senegal and nigeria as well as in india. Overall, the frequency of vasculitis seemed to be proportional to necrosis and necrotic plaques, particularly in the cns and lung. Influenza virus genotypes circulating in and around lucknow. Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of covid19. Phylogenetic analysis of guinea 2014 ebov ebolavirus the 2014 ebola virus disease outbreak in west africa. New flu virus in india likely from australia india news. Nipah virus emergence, transmission, and pathogenesis. Influenza virus genotypes circulating in and around. The infection gets its name from the village kampung sungai nipah, 1998 in malaysia where the person from whom the virus was first isolated succumbed to the disease. Nipah outbreak is an emerging zoonosis which had resulted in. Fullgenome sequence of nipah virus 18,252 nt amplified from lung tissue showed 99. Nipah virus infection europe pmc article europe pubmed.
This article is from the indian journal of medical research, volume 9. Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for nipah virus. Biology and pathogenesis of whitefly transmitted begomoviruses causing tomato leaf curl disease indian and global scenario dr v. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise cambridge core to connect with your account. Division of disease control what do i need to know. Overview of nipah virus infection merck veterinary manual. Nipah virus niv is a member of the family paramyxoviridae and one of two virus species in the genus henipavirus the other being hendra virus.
Pathogenic mechanisms include implantation of the virus at a body site the portal of. Pathology and pathogenesis of an emerging paramyxoviral zoonosis. Oct 23, 2014 ebola virus pathogenesis, lab diagnosis 1. Pathogenesis is the process by which virus infection leads to disease. The virus is named after the location where it was first detected in malaysia. Viral pathogenesis this lecture will define and discuss the basic principles of viral pathogenesis, the entire process by which viruses cause disease. Nipah virus pdf nipah virus history,symptoms,treatment,preventionthe national centre for disease control has issued high alert across the country after an outbreak of the nipah virus niv infection in kerala. Nipah virus niv is a paramyxovirus in the genus henipavirus. The epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus infection, sexually transmitted infections, and associated risk behaviors among men who have sex with men in the mekong subregion and china. Viral pathogenesis is an abnormal situation of no value to the virus. May 29, 2012 the susceptibility of mice and humans to chandipura virus infection is agedependent. Pathology of ebola virus disease dr sampurna roy md. Latent viral infections affect the incidence and pathogenesis of acute viral disease in several ways. Research article open access chandipura virus infection in mice.
Experimentally, mniv appears to be the more virulent of the lineages. Viral disease is a sum of the effects on the host of virus replication and of the immune response. Named after the maharashtra village where the virus was first discovered, the likely vector carrier of the virus is the female phlebotomine sandfly. Jun 01, 2018 nipah virus is an enveloped negativestrand rna virus of the family paramyxovirus and genus henipavirus. They contain either doublesingle stranded dna or rna, enclosed in a protein coat and sometimes even. Nipah virus is an enveloped negativestrand rna virus of the family paramyxovirus and genus henipavirus. The susceptibility of mice and humans to chandipura virus infection is agedependent. Pathogenesis is the process by which an infection leads to disease. A reactivated virus may spread and initiate an epidemic among susceptible contacts eg. An intrafamilial outbreak in west bengal, india, involving 5 deaths and persontoperson transmission was attributed to nipah virus. The deadly disease which has killed hundreds across west africa guinea, liberia and sierra leone has now been reported in lagos nigeria. The natural reservoirs of the virus are the fruit bats of the pteropodidae family, which are are found in the eastern hemisphere. Never open anything from someone you do not trust, especially.
In india the disease was first reported in 2001 and again six years later, with the two outbreaks claiming 50 lives. Upon experimental infection, mice secrete significant amounts of proinflammatory cytokines. We also describe the pathological findings, including em and tissue immunolocalization of viral antigens, and discuss the pathogenesis of nipah virus infection based on these findings. They contain either doublesingle stranded dna or rna, enclosed in a protein coat and sometimes even with an envelope. May 30, 2018 nipah virus niv is an emerging and serious viral zoonotic disease that carries with it a high case fatality rate in the ballpark of 70% or more. Since 2001, outbreaks of nipah virus disease have occurred almost every year in bangladesh with casefatality rates up to 90 %. Among the several coronaviruses that are pathogenic to humans. Heres what we know about nipah virus, the batborne disease. The epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Genomic characterization of nipah virus, west bengal, india.
The result is significant in clinical management and designing antiviral intervention for chandipura virus infection. This virus is carried subclinically in fruit bats of the genus pteropus, a host to which it seems well adapted. The present study includes molecular characterization of dengue virus strains occurred in hyderabad, india, during the year 2014. Pdf pathogenesis of hendra and nipah virus infection in humans.
Two lineages are currently circulating in southeast asia. Illnesses caused by nipah virus were first described in 19981999, during widespread outbreaks among pigs and people in malaysia. Introduction viruses can be seen only with a powerful electron microscope as they are too small acellular entities. Find the treatment tips, symptoms and prevention cure articles on nipah virus at oneindia. There have been annual outbreaks of nipah in bangladesh since 2001, and several outbreaks in eastern india. Nipah virus was discovered during an outbreak of respiratory and neurological disease in malaysia and singapore in 19981999 involving 276 human cases, with 106 fatalities. Similarly, children who recover from natural infection with the virus show significant amounts of tnf. Cocirculation and coinfections of all dengue virus serotypes in hyderabad, india 2014. It was first identified in 1965 after isolation from the blood of two patients from chandipura village in maharashtra state. It is transmitted by vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks and sand flies. Dec 21, 2018 chandipura virus was first isolated in 1965 in a village in maharashtra state, india. Viralhost protein interactions in chandipura virus pathogenesis synopsis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy by sreejith rajasekharan department of biotechnology jaypee institue of information technology declared deemed to be university us 3 of ugc act a10, sector62, noida, india february 2015.
Nipah virus niv or hendra virus is a deadly virus that spreads via contact with the saliva, urine, or excreta of fruit bats or pigs. Virus replication mediated damages in nervous tissues might lead to pathogenesis in mice. This model will facilitate progress in the fundamental understanding of henipavirus pathogenesis and. Genomic characterization of nipah virus, west bengal. The virus was identified in 1999 after causing disease in animals and in humans. Humantohuman transmission has also been documented, including in a hospital setting in india. An infectious disease outbreak in south india that has left at least 16 people dead has brought the worlds attention to a littleknown health threat. Marburg virus marv is a highly pathogenic virus associated with severe disease and mortality rates as high as 90%. Though india is considered as dengue hyperendemic country, limited data are available on disease epidemiology.
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